Sicher Bewegen im Alter: Veränderungen der sensomotorischen Fähigkeiten

Zusammenfassung

Stürze im Alter und ihre Folgen stellen weltweit ein großes gesundheitspolitisches Problem dar. Die Sturzfolgen können so schwerwiegend sein, dass Betroffene versterben oder eine schwere Behinderung mit Pflegebedürftigkeit davontragen. Unter den zahlreichen Risikofaktoren für Stürze im Alter scheinen sensomotorische Störungen mit verminderten Muskelfunktionen, beeinträchtigter posturaler Balance und Veränderungen der Gehfunktionen im Alter besonders bedeutend zu sein. Sarkopenie beschreibt die altersassoziierten morphologischen und funktionellen Änderungen im Muskel. Mit zunehmendem Alter nehmen die posturalen Balancefunktionen ab, und die automatischen posturalen Reaktionsmuster infolge einer Störung des Haltungsgleichgewichts werden komplexer. Das Gangbild beim alten Menschen verliert an Dynamik; Schrittzeit und Schrittweite variieren stärker als bei jungen Leuten. Die Objektivierung der Muskelfunktionen, Gleichgewichtsfunktionen und Gehfunktionen ist im Rahmen der Abklärung des Sturzrisikos beim alten Menschen sinnvoll, da diagnostizierte Störungen mit physikalischen Therapien im Rahmen der Rehabilitation und Prävention erfolgreich behandelt werden können.

Abstract

Fall related injuries in elderly persons represent an enormous challenge to health care policies all over the world. Sequels of falls in elderly may be so momentous that a person concerned may die or suffer from severe disability depending on long-term nursing care. Among the numerous risk factors identified for falls in elderly, impaired sensorimotor functions like impaired muscle functions, postural balance functions and gait functions seem of particular relevance. Sarcopenia refers to a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that occurs with advancing age. Postural balance functions decrease in the elderly and postural automatic responses following postural perturbations become more complex. Gait performance in elderly becomes less dynamic; stride time and step width vary considerably more than in young people. We recommend to objectively test age related muscle, gait and balance functions in elderly people as these functions, if impaired, may be improved with physical therapies that are administered within rehabilitation or prevention programs.

Schlüsselwörter

Alter - Stürze - Sarkopenie - Gehfunktion - Muskelfunktion - Haltungsgleichgewichtsfunktion

Key words

elderly - falls - sarcopenia - gait functions - muscle functions - postural balance functions

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